Not just laws, but regulations too. In fact, the license also forbids me to sublicense the program. The permission to use the software at all is entirely coming from the license that would apply to anyone reading the license who obtained the software legally. However, the license would not be granted if copyright law was violated in order to provide someone with the software.
Furthermore, the document says I "may not" [ I should be able to distribute the software in any method, but only if that method is provided for in the agreement.
Since the agreement does provide for me to make copies that support "me" where I am a person or individual legal entity, defined in the document as the term "You" using the program, I can make copies for my own use. However, if the copies are meant for someone else, then I haven't yet identified any provisions in the agreement to allow the creation of such copies, and so it appears that such copies would not be created in a method that is compliant with the license.
Since any other authorization to distribute the software isn't specified in this document as far as I know, except to say that apparently I don't have such authorization, distributing the software might only be able to be done when obtaining the software from an authorized distributor, which might only be the IBM corporation oer perhaps also one who can identify as being "its reseller". Rodent Associates announced its incorporation as an optical mouse engineering firm.
The mouse is called a Fitts's lawpointing device by human factors researchers, meaning that it points as well as the human finger. The Context MBA, the first integrated software package, ships. It combines financial modeling, graphics, relational database management and word processing in one program. The double-sided directory increased from four to seven sectors, allowing up to directory entries, leaving sectors, i.
The 2-byte last modified time was inserted at the end of the directory's reserved field, reducing the reserved field to 10 bytes. Also available is Microsoft's Macro Assembler. Initially the programs were sold separately, but by October Norton offered them as a package called The Norton Utilities.
Most DOS software packages would support it as a de facto display standard, but DOS provided no graphics support, so every program manipulated the board's registers and video memory directly via special drivers. Zenith releases the Z It had been in secret development for two years, and the demo was a loud wakeup call to Bill Gates. Compaq achieved compatibility legally by reverse engineering through clean room design.
Lotus Development Corp. The Compaq was the only non-IBM machine that could run SYS—a first step towards plug and play.
New file attribute bits are read-only, volume label, subdirectory and archive. A team of six developers produced version 2. Single-sided KB , bytes; sectors and double-sided KB , bytes; sectors diskettes require more than the maximum FAT entries a byte sector can hold, so the FAT size is doubled, leaving sectors , bytes for data on single-sided disks and clusters , bytes [E] on double-sided disks.
The system could be configured to support date stamping of files. The operating system distribution software also included a relocating assembler and linker. Responding to VisiCorp and other competitors working on operating environments, Microsoft's Rao Remala assembles the 'Interface Manager' demo which consisted of a screen filled with overlapping windows apparently running programs that really didn't do anything.
At Microsoft it became known as the 'smoke-and-mirrors' demo. A memory board using the kb chips that allows the Micro 16s to store a full megabyte will be made available later this year. It comes in either a bus or serial version, with the Multi-Tool [J] Notepad, a mouse-based text editor written by Richard Brodie.
As many as eight documents could be edited at the same time in so-called windows. Microsoft releases the Microsoft Mouse. Initial sales were modest, as there was little you could do with it except run the demonstration programs included in the box a tutorial, practice app and Notepad or program interfaces to it.
Wang said the SIMM could lessen the need for kilobit chips which have just started production and are relatively costly, since the SIMM is denser than kb and is available now.
The SIMM's 30 pins are inserted into a plastic chip carrier rather than the gold-plated leadless ceramic chip carrier. Added address pins were included to enable upgrading, and Wang said it will soon assemble kb components around SIMM. It could run up to four tasks at once. Its built-in CGA-compatible display adapter added three special graphics modes which would not be supported by later generation adapters.
PCjr ships first quarter in limited supply. Microsoft Word ships. PC World bound an envelope containing a Word demonstration disk inside its pages. Borland is launched by a single full-page ad for Turbo Pascal in Byte magazine. Lacking money to pay for the ad, the company deceives Byte's salesman into running the ad on credit, by hiring extra people so Borland would look like a busy, venture-backed company, making sure the phones were ringing and the extras were scurrying around.
Without subterfuge, Borland International would almost certainly have folded. Visi On, the first graphical user interface-based operating environment for the PC—generally viewed as VisiCorp's answer to Apple's Lisa—ships. Clone competition heated up in the past two months, with new microcomputers from Leading Edge, Panasonic, Tandy, Sperry, North Star, Gavilan and others.
IBM improved its models and changed specifications so the clones were no longer compatible, and many plug compatible mainframe manufacturers went bankrupt. The Macintosh K, a milestone computer designed around a graphical user interface, is introduced. It would be several years before the PC platform had graphics as a standard feature, and not until would PC graphics 'really work'. Microsoft combined versions 2.
Version 2. However, concurrent processing multitasking isn't supported. Unlike Visi On, it doesn't require developers to configure their programs to operate inside its windows. A mouse is optional—the Microsoft, Mouse Systems and Logitech mouse types with either two or three buttons are supported.
It can support two users, with one attaching a dumb terminal to the micro's serial port. It may have trouble with programs that bypass the operating system to address specific memory locations, and is only DOS 1. PC expert Peter Norton thinks multitasking and multiuser abilities are more than the PC was meant to handle.
IBM had sued companies that simply copied the code. InfoWorld would name it Software Product of the Year was their awardee. In laying the foundation for networking, the core team of five people led by Zbikowski and Reynolds redesigned and rewrote the DOS kernel. Redirector and sharer interfaces for IBM's network adapter card were added, but the redirector itself, which interacts with the transport layer of the network, wasn't ready. Their FAT fills seven sectors 14 for two copies and root directory 14 holding up to entries , leaving 2, 1-sector clusters 1,, bytes for data.
The bit FAT design allows for a maximum of 4, clusters. As a result, DOS 2. PC DOS 3. IBM's software engineers were tasked with making it switch the AT from DOS into a 'virtual machine' or 'hypervisor' mode that would enable multitasking programs written for different operating systems.
For color monitors, all seven CGA modes are supported. Microsoft Networks services are provided by a file server which is part of the Networks application and runs on a computer dedicated to the task.
Qualitas announces TallScreen, a utility that lets you scroll up the screen to see text that's scrolled off the top of the display, and Rational Systems announces Instant-C, a C language interpreter. These two small businesses would become better known for their memory manager and DOS extender products introduced in July The product functions strictly as an native mode operating system, allowing users to exploit the protected mode fully to perform multi-user, multitasking operations while running emulation.
IBM ships their TopView text-mode operating environment. The specification was publicly released to product developers, and similar memory boards were soon released by others including Tecmar and Quadram. Only by embracing the spec could peace reign and multiple programs safely share and simultaneously use expanded memory.
Microsoft is 'just now shipping' DOS 3. Seven months after its introduction, the EGA has not displaced IBM's first generation of video boards because most developers have yet to adapt their software to it. For a number of reasons, software designed for the CGA's graphics mode won't work properly under the EGA's emulation mode, but software designed for the MDA generally does.
Digital Research exposed problems with the emulation features on the C-1 step of Intel's chip which would not allow Concurrent DOS to run software in the protected mode. Industry observers are by no means certain that Concurrent DOS will ever be able to run existing software effectively in protected mode, even with Intel's refinements to the chip. Quarterdeck ships DESQview.
Microsoft plans to integrate expanded memory abilities into its future systems software products. Together with the announcement, Intel released a new version 3. Intel said that enhancements in the revision allow multitasking operating systems to support more easily multiple application programs sharing expanded memory.
A new EMM function supported multitasking operating systems by saving and restoring page maps. The pact was signed in June. The program is stored on the network file server. Market reaction to IBM's Enhanced Graphics Adapter has not been overwhelming, partly because the EGA's complexity—five custom chips and 12 modes—has slowed software development and the board's price tag has been a damper for many, but the EGA is emerging as the next graphics standard.
Lotus expects to release drivers supporting and Symphony by the end of the month, and Microsoft Chart will join Word and Windows in supporting the EGA. Several clone boards are expected to hit the market over the next six months. A number of vendors are writing directly to the screen rather than the VDI to get better performance, including Lotus and Ashton-Tate. Ashton-Tate's development director said that because the EGA slows down the , creating performance problems, the EGA's technical benefits almost require the Historically, graphics has been viewed as a vertical market—charting or computer-aided design.
Graphics is moving from niche markets to an overall system technology incorporated in almost every type of application with the development of user interface technology. After four weeks of testing E-step samples of the , Digital Research acknowledged that Intel corrected all documented errata, but said there were still undocumented chip performance problems with the prerelease version of Concurrent DOS running on the E-step. Intel said the approach Digital Research wished to take in emulating software in protected mode differed from the original specifications.
Intel will make minor changes in the microcode that will allow Digital Research to run emulation mode much faster, incorporated into the E-2 step. Intel announces the bitIntel The has a bit address bus that can directly address 2 32 4,,, memory locations, i. InfoWorld reported that business users were displaying a nearly insatiable demand for more disk storage capacity.
However, there was a problem. The most common way to resolve this problem was to treat large drives as if they were actually two or more drives. The drives are then termed logical or volume drives, and work well as long as no one file is larger than 32 MB.
InfoWorld reported that during the past year a growing number of generic, no-name PC compatibles gained support as legitimate alternatives to major manufacturers' systems. Components of clones have become such standard commodities that most feel that the generic machines achieve a high degree of compatibility.
Numerous IBM value-added resellers with medical, legal and other vertical application packages have shown interest in the product. DESQview 1. Computerworld said it used less memory than Windows or TopView and may be the 'most pragmatic choice'.
NEC announces its MultiSync monitor in magazine ads. SYS creates a virtual disk in either conventional memory, extended memory or Lotus-Intel-Microsoft expanded memory. However, the MS-DOS kernel does not take part in expanded memory manipulations and does not use expanded memory for its own purposes. The PC Convertible uses application-specific integrated circuit ASIC chips which combine the functions of numerous chips into fewer, more specialized chips, foreshadowing IBM's strategy to use proprietary architecture in future machines.
IBM's Entry Systems Division president warned that competitors will have to 'move very quickly in order to remain compatible. While software makers debate a standard for memory-resident programs, two developers are racing to develop utilities that promise to help normally incompatible TSRs work together.
The programs are Referee from Persoft Inc. Many TSRs failed as products because dealing with the complexity was more trouble than the value delivered. They found that few of the many companies offering AT motherboards were willing to sell just one.
IBM's retail PC market share slipped by 10 percent in the last year, and now accounts for less than half the PC-compatibles sold. For many, there seems to be no compelling reason to buy IBM anymore. In June, chief executive John F. Akers told analysts IBM would consider withdrawing from part of the PC market if it became too commodity-like. Compaq introduces the first Intel based computer, the Compaq Deskpro It was the most powerful personal computer on the market.
IBM had not yet ordered a single chip from Intel. EXE did this. SYS to access those extra partitions. Combining this new chip with the existing five-chip set enables PC clone makers to greatly reduce the size, complexity and cost of their machines, while increasing their speed. They will be released simultaneously in the fourth quarter this year.
It is intended for networks in which every workstation can process requests as a high-performance, non-dedicated file server with high level communications that need to do preemptive multitasking. Quarterdeck calls it the first 'control program' or 'virtual machine manager' for based machines—it runs up to nine applications simultaneously in up to KB of memory each, supporting applications using EMS memory, even though that isn't an inherent feature of virtual mode.
Control programs are the first step toward operating environments that exploit the fully. Essentially it was Windows minus the graphical user interface see New Executable. Microsoft, having long tried to kill it as redundant, honored its contractual commitments. Release of the multiuser operating system that supports the virtual and protected modes is scheduled for February Digital Research's new Flexible Automation Business Unit introduced its first product, the real-time operating systemFlexOS , a re-engineered version of Concurrent DOS designed specifically for computer-integrated manufacturing.
Digital Research launches Concurrent DOS , which runs up to four applications concurrently supporting up to 10 users on a system. The March 20 Wall Street Journal says that year-old Gates has become the youngest self-made billionaire in history. Soon after release, some users with non-IBM hardware reported hard drive problems.
A Microsoft press release announces Windows 2. Fox Software announced Foxbase 2. By tapping the chip's protected mode, the entire program can run in memory, eliminating disk access times and improving execution speed in some cases by a factor of The program does not support multitasking, which must wait for advances in the operating system, so it is an interim solution.
DESQview 2. When used with QEMM, it supports virtual mode. Also, TopView's program information file. PIF format and it comes with a TopView 1. Fox Software ships Foxbase 2. Fox found Intelligent Graphics Corp. The key to X-AM's performance is apparently its ability to switch from protected mode to virtual mode.
Users don't have to convert to another operating system or contend with such time-consuming tricks as code overlays, bank switching and paging. Qualitas to the Max is introduced. InfoWorld says it outperforms, has more features, and takes less memory than all other memory managers. Compaq files a U. The patent would be issued in It has the same feature set as the version IBM has been shipping since April. Key features include the ability to execute program code from expanded memory, including memory-resident programs; boosting the expanded memory ceiling from 8 to 32 megabytes; and the ability for multiple programs to use expanded memory at once.
Compaq, co-developer of the product, will bundle it with its based systems, starting in October. It runs on an ISDN workstation. Register-level compatible boards soon followed.
Microsoft announces and ships the first PC version of its Excel spreadsheet. Excel for Microsoft Windows requires Windows and includes Windows 2. Excel runs on and based systems with an accelerator board. Excel offers Dynamic Data Exchange, a Windows feature.
